Evaluation of Kaduna Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) as an Alternative Source of Energy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33003/fjorae.2026.0301.69Keywords:
Municipal solid waste (MSW), Waste-to-energy (WtE), Higher heating value (HHV), Energy recovery, Kaduna metropolis, Household electrification.Abstract
Kaduna metropolis generates significant quantities of municipal solid waste (MSW), with an average Higher Heating Value (HHV) of 21.18 MJ/kg, indicating strong potential for energy recovery. This study evaluates the techno-economic feasibility of converting MSW into electricity, with emphasis on calorific value assessment and household energy supply potential. Laboratory analysis of waste samples collected from Goni Gora and Kakau dumpsites revealed HHV values of 23.24 MJ/kg and 19.11 MJ/kg, respectively. Waste generation was projected using a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) model based on a 2025 baseline population of 1.26 million and a per capita generation rate of 0.497 kg/person/day. The organic fraction (52%) was incorporated into the energy estimation model, and sensitivity analysis (±10% and ±20%) was performed to account for variability in waste generation. Results indicate that Kaduna MSW could generate up to 700 GWh/year of electrical energy under ideal conditions. However, this represents theoretical energy potential; assuming a typical conversion efficiency of about 30% for waste-to-energy systems, the net electrical output is significantly lower. The energy generated has the potential to supply electricity to about 73,000 to 175,000 households annually. The findings demonstrate that MSW represents a viable supplementary energy resource capable of contributing up to 16% to 20% of Kaduna’s electricity demand while improving environmental sustainability.
References
Adewumi, I. K., Ogedengbe, M. O., Adepetu, J. A., & Fabiyi, Y. L. (2005).
Planning organic fertilizer industries for municipal solid wastes management. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 1(3), 285–291.
Lisbona, P., Pascual, S., & Perez, V. (2023). Waste-to-energy: Trends and
perspectives. Chemical Engineering Journal Advances, 14, 100410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceja.2023.100410
Ddiba, D., Andersson, K., & Rosemarin, A. (2022). The circular economy
potential of urban organic waste streams in low- and middle-income countries. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 24, 1116–1144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01487-4
Olukanni, D. O., Adeleke, J. O., & Aremu, D. D. (2016). A review of local
factors affecting solid waste collection in Nigeria. Journal of Pollution, 2(3), 339–356.
Ajaero, C. C., Okafor, C. C., Otunomo, F. A., Nduji, N. N., & Adedapo, J. A.
(2023). Energy production potential of organic fraction of municipal solid waste and its implications for Nigeria. Clean Technologies and Recycling, 3(1), 44–65.https://doi.org/10.3934/ctr.2023003
Lind, G., Mohamed, T. A., Kidane, G., Gebremedhin, J. H. Y., Katima, S. O.,
Oladele, O., Ulf, H. R., & Arsène, H. Y. (2019). Solid waste management in Africa: Governance, failures and developmental opportunities (pp. 1–320). IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81103
Scarlat, N., Fahl, F., & Dallemand, J. (2018). Status and opportunities for
energy recovery from municipal solid waste in Europe. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 9(11), 2425–2444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-018-0297
Aliyu, A. A., & Sani, A. N. (2020). Development of an effective government
community partnership model for solid waste management in Kaduna metropolis (pp. 1–15). ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344264387
Tabata, T. (2013). Waste-to-energy incineration plants as greenhouse gas
reducers: A case study of seven Japanese metropolises. Waste Management & Research, 31(11), 1110–1117. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X135023
Batagarawa, R. L., Saleh, D., Ahmed, S., Sani, J. E., & Muazu, A. I. (2024).
Status of solid waste management in Kaduna and Bauchi, Nigeria. Engineering and Technology Quarterly Reviews, 7(2), 26–40. https://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1992.07.02.598
Dolgen, D., Sarptas, S., Alpaslan, N., & Kucukgul, A. (2005). Energy potential
of municipal solid wastes. Energy Sources, 27(15), 1483–1492. https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490449095
Dieter, M., Dirk, H., Hugi, C., & Gross, T. (2017). Waste-to-energy options in
municipal solid waste management: A guide for decision makers in developing and emerging countries (pp. 1–120). GIZ.
Awol, Z. S., & Abate, R. T. (2021). Production of bio-ethanol from solid waste
paper using biological activation. Research Square, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs
Asnani, P. U., & Zurbrugg, C. (2007). Improving municipal solid waste
management in India: A sourcebook for policymakers and practitioners (pp. 1–300). World Bank.
Dodo, U. A., Ashigwuike, E. C., & Emechebe, J. N. (2022). Municipal solid
waste generation forecast using an ARIMA model: A focus on Abuja City, Nigeria. In IEEE Nigeria Section Conference Proceedings (pp. 1–6). https://doi.org/10.1109/NIGERCON54634.2022
Etim, J. E., Effiom, S. O., & Fakorede, D. O. (2025). Generation rate
estimation of municipal solid waste using quantity and composition modelling: A case study of Calabar metropolis. Nigerian Journal of Engineering Research, 1–12.
Singh, R., & Nizami, A. (2020). A comparative review of waste-to-energy
technologies: Economic and environmental perspectives. Renewable Energy, 45(3), 291–305.
Ilorin MSW Study. (2022). Exploration and prediction of municipal solid waste
for power generation in Ilorin metropolis. Heliyon, 8(7), e09876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09876
Kaduna Environmental Protection Agency (KEPA), & Federal Ministry of
Environment (FMEnv). (2022). Urban solid waste study in Kaduna State (pp. 1–150). Kaduna State Government.
Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC). (2025). MYTO electricity
tariff schedule and electricity pricing bands (pp. 1–50). https://www.nerc.gov.ng
Olaniyan, K., McLellan, B. C., Ogata, S., & Tezuka, T. (2018). Estimating
residential electricity consumption in Nigeria to support energy transitions. Sustainability, 10(5), 1440. http://doi.org/10.3390/su10051440
Ogwueleka, T. C. (2013). Survey of household waste composition and
quantities in Abuja, Nigeria. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 77, 52–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.05.011
Ondachi, P. A., Ozigis, I. I., & Zarmai, M. T. (2024). Physicochemical
characterization of Abuja municipal solid waste as a renewable energy resource (pp. 1–12).
Olukanni, D. O. (2013). Analysis of municipal solid waste management in Ota,
Ogun State, Nigeria: Potential for wealth generation. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Solid Waste Management (ICSW) (pp. 184–196).
Durogbitan, A. A. (2019). Evaluation of impact of solid wastes and its potential
as a source of renewable energy: A case study of Minna, Nigeria. Acta Scientific Agriculture, 3(5), 145–152.
World Bank. (2019). Improving solid waste management in Nigeria: Overview
and key findings (pp. 1–100). World Bank https://www.worldbank.org
World Bank. (2024). Nigeria power sector recovery operation: Economic
analysis. Retrieved March 10, 2025, from World Bank Documents, https://documents1.worldbank.org
Baba, M. T., Adamu, A. A., & Yola, I. A. (2025). Electricity generation from
municipal solid waste in Kano metropolis. African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence, 8(4), 102–110.
Baze, P. O., Ozigi, I.I., & Zarmai, M. (2023). Determination of electric power
generation potential of Abuja’s municipal solid wastes. Nigerian Journal of Technology, 42(1), 114-121.
Kaduna State Government. (2025). Medium-term expenditure framework
2025–2027 (pp. 1–200). Kaduna State Government.
Kaduna Investment Promotion Agency (KADIPA). (2023). Kaduna State
investment guide (pp. 1–80). https://www.kadipa.kdsg.gov.ng
